The short answer Inheritance lets one class reuse the fields and methods of another, forming an “is-a” hierarchy (a Car is a Vehicle). Polymorphism lets one interface take many forms, so the same call behaves differently depending on the object’s…
The short answer A half adder adds two single bits, A and B, and produces a Sum and a Carry, but it ignores any carry from a previous stage. A full adder adds three bits, A, B, and a carry-in,…
The short answer map() transforms each element of a stream into exactly one new element, so the count stays the same. flatMap() transforms each element into a stream of elements and then flattens all those streams into one. Use map()…
The short answer A shallow copy makes a new object but reuses the same nested objects, so the copy and the original still share their inner data. A deep copy duplicates everything, including every nested object, so the two are…
In networking, MAC address vs IP address play vital roles in communication. A MAC address is a hardware identifier unique to a device, while an IP address is a logical address used for device location and routing. This guide explores…
In data structures, binary tree vs binary search tree serve different purposes. A binary tree is a hierarchical structure where each node has up to two children, while a binary search tree organizes data with a specific order to enable…
The short answer A primary key uniquely identifies every row, allows no NULLs, and a table has exactly one. A unique key also enforces uniqueness on a column, but it allows NULLs, and a table can have many. So the…
The short answer The OSI model is a seven-layer conceptual framework from ISO that describes how network communication should be organised, so it is mainly a teaching and reference model. The TCP/IP model is a four-layer model from the US…
The short answer Both Prim’s and Kruskal’s are greedy algorithms that find the Minimum Spanning Tree of a weighted graph. Prim’s grows one tree from a start vertex, always adding the cheapest edge to a new vertex. Kruskal’s sorts all…
